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Java设计模式研究之Flyweight模式

摘要: GOF:运用共享技术有效地支持大量细粒度的对象。
  GOF:运用共享技术有效地支持大量细粒度的对象。

  解释一下概念:也就是说在一个系统中如果有多个相同的对象,那么只共享一份就可以了,不必每个都去实例化一个对象。比如说(这里引用GOF书中的例子)一个文本系统,每个字母定一个对象,那么大小写字母一共就是52个,那么就要定义52个对象。如果有一个1M的文本,那么字母是何其的多,如果每个字母都定义一个对象那么内存早就爆了。那么如果要是每个字母都共享一个对象,那么就大大节约了资源。

  在Flyweight模式中,由于要产生各种各样的对象,所以在Flyweight(享元)模式中常出现Factory模式。Flyweight的内部状态是用来共享的,Flyweight factory负责维护一个对象存储池(Flyweight Pool)来存放内部状态的对象。Flyweight模式是一个提高程序效率和性能的模式,会大大加快程序的运行速度.应用场合很多,下面举个例子:

  先定义一个抽象的Flyweight类:

<table borderColor=#cccccc width="90%" align=center bgColor=#e7e9e9 border=1> <tr> <td>package Flyweight;

public abstract class Flyweight
...
{
 public abstract void operation();
}//end abstract class Flyweight</td></tr></table>
  在实现一个具体类:

<table borderColor=#cccccc width="90%" align=center bgColor=#e7e9e9 border=1> <tr> <td>package Flyweight;

public class ConcreteFlyweight extends Flyweight
...
{
 private String string;
 public ConcreteFlyweight(String str)
 ...
 {
  string = str;
 }//end ConcreteFlyweight(...)

 public void operation()
 ...
 {
  System.out.println("Concrete---Flyweight : " + string);
 }//end operation()

}//end class ConcreteFlyweight</td></tr></table>
  实现一个工厂方法类:

<table borderColor=#cccccc width="90%" align=center bgColor=#e7e9e9 border=1> <tr> <td>package Flyweight;
import java.util.Hashtable;

public class FlyweightFactory
...
{
 private Hashtable flyweights = new Hashtable();//----------------------------1
 public FlyweightFactory() ...{}

 public Flyweight getFlyWeight(Object obj)
 ...
 {
  Flyweight flyweight = (Flyweight) flyweights.get(obj);//----------------2

  if(flyweight == null) ...{//---------------------------------------------------3
   //产生新的ConcreteFlyweight
   flyweight = new ConcreteFlyweight((String)obj);
   flyweights.put(obj, flyweight);//--------------------------------------5
  }
  return flyweight;//---------------------------------------------------------6
 }//end GetFlyWeight(...)

 public int getFlyweightSize()
 ...
 {
  return flyweights.size();
 }
}//end class FlyweightFactory</td></tr></table>
  这个工厂方法类非常关键,这里详细解释一下:

  在1处定义了一个Hashtable用来存储各个对象;在2处选出要实例化的对象,在6处将该对象返回,如果在Hashtable中没有要选择的对象,此时变量flyweight为null,产生一个新的flyweight存储在Hashtable中,并将该对象返回。

  最后看看Flyweight的调用:

<table borderColor=#cccccc width="90%" align=center bgColor=#e7e9e9 border=1> <tr> <td>package Flyweight;
import java.util.Hashtable;

public class FlyweightPattern ...{
 FlyweightFactory factory = new FlyweightFactory();
 Flyweight fly1;
 Flyweight fly2;
 Flyweight fly3;
 Flyweight fly4;
 Flyweight fly5;
 Flyweight fly6;

 /** *//** Creates a new instance of FlyweightPattern */
 public FlyweightPattern() ...{
  fly1 = factory.getFlyWeight("Google");
  fly2 = factory.getFlyWeight("Qutr");
  fly3 = factory.getFlyWeight("Google");
  fly4 = factory.getFlyWeight("Google");
  fly5 = factory.getFlyWeight("Google");
  fly6 = factory.getFlyWeight("Google");
 }//end FlyweightPattern()

 public void showFlyweight()
 ...
 {
  fly1.operation();
  fly2.operation();
  fly3.operation();
  fly4.operation();
  fly5.operation();
  fly6.operation();
  int objSize = factory.getFlyweightSize();
  System.out.println("objSize = " + objSize);
 }//end showFlyweight()

 public static void main(String[] args)
 ...
 {
  System.out.println("The FlyWeight Pattern!");
  FlyweightPattern fp = new FlyweightPattern();
  fp.showFlyweight();
 }//end main(...)
}//end class FlyweightPattern</td></tr></table>
  下面是运行结果:

<table borderColor=#cccccc width="90%" align=center bgColor=#e7e9e9 border=1> <tr> <td>Concrete---Flyweight : Google
Concrete---Flyweight : Qutr
Concrete---Flyweight : Google
Concrete---Flyweight : Google
Concrete---Flyweight : Google
Concrete---Flyweight : Google
objSize = 2 </td></tr></table>
  我们定义了6个对象,其中有5个是相同的,按照Flyweight模式的定义“Google”应该共享一个对象,在实际的对象数中我们可以看出实际的对象却是只有2个。

  下面给出一个简易的UML图:

<table width="90%" align=center> <tr> <td> </td></tr></table>
  总结

  Flyweight(享元)模式是如此的重要,因为它能帮你在一个复杂的系统中大量的节省内存空间。在GOF的书中举了文本处理的例子,我觉得非常恰当。那么,在Java中String这个类型比较特殊,为什么呢,看下面的例子:

<table borderColor=#cccccc width="90%" align=center bgColor=#e7e9e9 border=1> <tr> <td>String a = "hello";
String b = "hello";
if(a == b)
 System.out.println("OK");
else
 System.out.println("Error");</td></tr></table>
  输出结果是:OK。稍有经验的人都可以看出if条件比较的是两a和b的地址,也可以说是内存空间。那么Sting的实现是不是使用了Flyweight模式呢,不得而知,到现在还没有研究过。

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